一、概述

脑胶质瘤是指起源于脑神经胶质细胞的肿瘤，是最常见的原发性颅内肿瘤，世界卫生组织（WHO）中枢神经系统肿瘤分类将脑胶质瘤分为Ⅰ-Ⅳ级，Ⅰ、Ⅱ级为低级别脑胶质瘤，Ⅲ、Ⅳ级为高级别脑胶质瘤。本规范主要涉及星形细胞、少突胶质细胞和室管膜细胞来源的高、低级别脑胶质瘤的诊治。

我国脑胶质瘤年发病率为5-8/10万，5年病死率在全身肿瘤中仅次于胰腺癌和肺癌。脑胶质瘤发病机制尚不明了，目前确定的两个危险因素是：暴露于高剂量电离辐射和与罕见综合征相关的高外显率基因遗传突变。此外，亚硝酸盐食品、病毒或细菌感染等致癌因素也可能参与脑胶质瘤的发生。

脑胶质瘤临床表现主要包括颅内压增高、神经功能及认知功能障碍和癫痫发作三大类。目前，临床诊断主要依靠计算机断层扫描（CT）及磁共振成像（MRI）检查等影像学诊断，磁共振弥散加权成像（DWI）、磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）、磁共振灌注成像（PWI）、磁共振波谱成像（MRS）、功能磁共振成像（fMRI）、正电子发射计算机断层显像（PET）等对脑胶质瘤的鉴别诊断及治疗效果评价有重要意义。

脑胶质瘤确诊需要通过肿瘤切除或活检获取标本，进行组织和分子病理学检查，确定病理分级和分子亚型。目前主要的分子病理标记物包括：异柠檬酸脱氢酶（IDH）突变、染色体1p/19q联合缺失状态（co-deletion）、O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶（MGMT）启动子区甲基化、α地中海贫血伴智力低下综合征X连锁基因（ATRX）突变、端粒酶逆转录酶（TERT）启动子突变、人组蛋白H3.3（H3F3A）K27M突变、BRAF基因突变、PTPRZ1-MET基因融合、miR-181d、室管膜瘤RELA基因融合等^1，2。这些分子标志物对脑胶质瘤的个体化治疗及临床预后判断具有重要意义。

脑胶质瘤治疗以手术切除为主，结合放疗、化疗等综合治疗方法。手术可以缓解临床症状，延长生存期，并获得足够肿瘤标本用以明确病理学诊断和进行分子遗传学检测。手术治疗原则是最大范围安全切除肿瘤，而常规神经导航、功能神经导航、术中神经电生理监测和术中MRI实时影像等新技术有助于实现最大范围安全切除肿瘤。放疗可杀灭或抑制肿瘤细胞，延长患者生存期，常规分割外照射是脑胶质瘤放疗的标准治疗。胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）术后放疗联合替莫唑胺（TMZ）同步并辅助化疗，已成为成人新诊断GBM的标准治疗方案。

脑胶质瘤治疗需要神经外科、神经影像科、放射治疗科、神经肿瘤科、病理科和神经康复科等多学科合作，遵循循证医学原则，采取个体化综合治疗，优化和规范治疗方案，以期达到最大治疗效益，尽可能延长患者的无进展生存期（PFS） 和总生存期（OS），提高生存质量。为使患者获得最优化的综合治疗，医师需要对患者进行密切随访观察，定期影像学复查，兼顾考虑患者的日常生活、社会和家庭活动、营养支持、疼痛控制、康复治疗和心理调控等诸多问题。

二、影像学诊断

（一）脑胶质瘤常规影像学特

神经影像常规检查目前主要包括CT和 MRI。这两种成像方法可以相对清晰精确地显示脑解剖结构特征及脑肿瘤病变形态学特征，如部位、大小、周边水肿状态、病变区域内组织均匀性、占位效应、血脑屏障破坏程度及病变造成的其他合并征象等。在图像信息上MRI优于CT。CT主要显示脑胶质瘤病变组织与正常脑组织的密度差值，特征性密度表现如钙化、出血及囊性变等，病变累及的部位，水肿状况及占位效应等；常规MRI主要显示脑胶质瘤出血、坏死、水肿组织等的不同信号强度差异及占位效应，并且可以显示病变的侵袭范围。多模态MRI不仅能反映脑胶质瘤的形态学特征，还可以体现肿瘤组织的功能及代谢状况。

常规MRI扫描，主要获取T1加权像、T2加权像、FLAIR像及进行磁共振对比剂的强化扫描。脑胶质瘤边界不清，表现为长T1、长T2信号影，信号可以不均匀，周边水肿轻重不一。因肿瘤对血脑屏障的破坏程度不同，增强扫描征象不一。

脑胶质瘤可发生于脑内各部位。低级别脑胶质瘤常规MRI呈长T1、长T2信号影，边界不清，周边轻度水肿影，局部轻度占位征象，如邻近脑室可致其轻度受压，中线移位不明显，脑池基本正常，病变区域内少见出血、坏死及囊变等表现；增强扫描显示病变极少数出现轻度异常强化影。高级别脑胶质瘤MRI信号明显不均匀，呈混杂T1/T2信号影，周边明显指状水肿影；占位征象明显，邻近脑室受压变形，中线结构移位，脑沟、脑池受压；增强扫描呈明显花环状及结节样异常强化影。

不同级别脑胶质瘤的PET成像特征各异。目前广泛使用的示踪剂为¹⁸F-FDG。低级别脑胶质瘤一般代谢活性低于正常脑灰质，高级别脑胶质瘤代谢活性可接近或高于正常脑灰质，但不同级别脑胶质瘤之间的¹⁸F-FDG代谢活性存在较大重叠（2级证据）³。氨基酸肿瘤显像具有良好的病变-本底对比度，对脑胶质瘤的分级评价优于¹⁸F-FDG，但仍存在一定重叠。

临床诊断怀疑脑胶质瘤拟行活检时，可用PET确定病变代谢活性最高的区域。¹⁸F-FET和11C-MET 比，¹⁸F-FDG具有更高的信噪比和病变对比度（2级证据）^4，5。PET联合MRI检查比单独MRI检查更能准确界定放疗靶区（1级证据）⁶。相对于常规MRI技术，氨基酸PET可以提高勾画肿瘤生物学容积的准确度，发现潜在的被肿瘤细胞浸润/侵袭的脑组织（在常规MRI图像上可无异常发现），并将其纳入到患者的放疗靶区中（2级证据）^7-9。¹⁸F-FDG PET由于肿瘤/皮层对比度较低，因而不适用于辅助制定放疗靶区（2级证据）¹⁰。

神经外科临床医师对神经影像诊断的要求很明确：首先是进行定位诊断，确定肿瘤的大小、范围、肿瘤与周围重要结构（包括重要动脉、皮层静脉、皮层功能区及神经纤维束等）的毗邻关系及形态学特征等，这对制定脑胶质瘤手术方案具有重要的作用；其次是对神经影像学提出功能状况的诊断要求，如肿瘤生长代谢、血供状态及肿瘤对周边脑组织侵袭程度等，这对患者术后的综合疗效评估具有关键作用。多模态MRI可提供肿瘤的血液动力学、代谢、神经纤维组织受累状况和皮质功能区等信息，对于脑胶质瘤的鉴别诊断、确定手术边界、预后判断、监测治疗效果及明确有无复发等具有重要意义，是形态成像诊断的一个重要补充。

表1 脑胶质瘤影像学诊断要点

（二）脑胶质瘤鉴别诊断

1. 脑内转移性病变：脑内转移性病变以多发病变较为常见，多位于脑皮层下，大小不等，水肿程度不一，表现多样，多数为环状或结节样强化影。脑内转移性病变的¹⁸F-FDG代谢活性可低于、接近或高于脑灰质；氨基酸代谢活性一般高于脑灰质。单发转移癌需要与高级别脑胶质瘤鉴别，影像学上可以根据病变大小、病变累及部位、增强表现，结合病史、年龄及相关其他辅助检查结果综合鉴别。

2. 脑内感染性病变：脑内感染性病变，特别是脑脓肿，需与高级别脑胶质瘤鉴别。两者均有水肿及占位征象，强化呈环形。脑脓肿的壁常较光滑，无壁结节，而高级别脑胶质瘤多呈菜花样强化，囊内信号混杂，可伴肿瘤卒中。绝大部分高级别脑胶质瘤的氨基酸代谢活性明显高于正常脑组织，而脑脓肿一般呈低代谢。

3. 脑内脱髓鞘样病变：与脑胶质瘤易发生混淆的是肿瘤样脱髓鞘病变，增强扫描可见结节样强化影，诊断性治疗后复查，病变缩小明显，易复发，实验室检查有助于鉴别诊断。

4. 淋巴瘤：对于免疫功能正常的患者，淋巴瘤的MRI信号多较均匀，瘤内出血及坏死少见，增强呈明显均匀强化。¹⁸F-FDG代谢活性一般较高级别脑胶质瘤高且代谢分布较均匀。

5. 其他神经上皮来源肿瘤：包括中枢神经细胞瘤等。可以根据肿瘤发生部位、增强表现进行初步鉴别诊断。

（三）脑胶质瘤影像学分级

1. 常规MRI检查：除部分Ⅱ级脑胶质瘤（如多形性黄色星形细胞瘤、第三脑室脊索瘤样脑胶质瘤和室管膜瘤等）外，高级别脑胶质瘤MRI常有强化伴卒中、坏死及囊变。MRI有无强化及强化程度受到诸多因素影响，如使用激素、注射对比剂的量、机器型号及扫描技术等。

2. 多模态MRI 检查：包括DWI、PWI及MRS等。DWI高信号区域，提示细胞密度大，代表高级别病变区；PWI高灌注区域，提示血容量增多，多为高级别病变区；MRS中Cho和Cho/NAA比值升高，与肿瘤级别正相关。

3. ¹⁸F-FDG PET：脑胶质瘤代谢成像的肿瘤-本底对比度偏低，而氨基酸肿瘤显像具有较好的组织对比度，因此建议采用氨基酸PET脑显像评价脑胶质瘤级别（2级证据）^11，12。11C-MET PET评估准确度高于MRI，高级别脑胶质瘤的11C-MET代谢活性通常高于低级别脑胶质瘤，但高/低级别脑胶质瘤间仍存在一定的重叠（2级证据）^13-17。必要时建议使用¹⁸F-FDG PET动态成像分析以提高对脑胶质瘤的影像学分级。

（四）脑胶质瘤治疗后影像学评估

脑胶质瘤术后24-72小时内需复查MRI（平扫+增强），评估肿瘤切除程度，并以此作为脑胶质瘤术后基线影像学资料，用于后续比对。胶质瘤治疗效果的影像学评价参见RANO标准¹⁸（表2）。

表2 脑胶质瘤治疗效果评估RANO标准

*在出现持续的临床症状恶化时，即为疾病进展，但不能单纯的将激素用量增加作为疾病进展的依据。

脑胶质瘤按照复发部位包括原位复发、远处复发和脊髓播散等特殊方式，其中以原位复发最为多见¹⁹。组织病理学诊断仍然是金标准。假性进展多见于放/化疗后3个月内，少数患者可见于10-18个月内。常表现为病变周边的环形强化，水肿明显，有占位征象，需要结合临床谨慎判断。对于高级别脑胶质瘤，氨基酸PET对鉴别治疗相关变化（假性进展、放射性坏死）和肿瘤复发/进展的准确度较高（2级证据）^20-22。放射性坏死多见于放疗3个月后，目前尚无特异性检查手段鉴别放射性坏死与肿瘤进展/复发。对于高级别胶质瘤，¹⁸F-FDG PET用于评价术后肿瘤复发和放射性坏死较MRI优势不明显，氨基酸PET用于鉴别肿瘤进展和治疗相关反应具有较高的敏感度和特异度。对于低级别胶质瘤，¹⁸F-FDG PET不适用于评价肿瘤治疗反应，而氨基酸PET的评价作用也有限（1级证据）^23-25。定期MRI或PET检查，有助于鉴别假性进展和肿瘤进展/复发（表3）。

表3 脑胶质瘤复发、假性进展及放射性坏死鉴别方法

三、神经病理学与分子病理学诊断

（一）2016版WHO中枢神经系统肿瘤分类标准

（二）脑胶质瘤病理学综合诊断

脑胶质瘤是一组具有胶质细胞表型特征的神经上皮肿瘤的总称，2016年世界卫生组织发布了第四版《中枢神经系统肿瘤WHO分类》（修订版），首次整合了肿瘤的组织学特征和分子表型，提出了新的肿瘤分类标准。这一标准是目前脑胶质瘤诊断及分级的重要依据。

1. 肿瘤组织学分类与分子表型

（1）星形细胞肿瘤

① 弥漫性星形细胞瘤，IDH突变型

定义 以 IDH1或 IDH2基因突变为特征，可伴有 TP53及 ATRX基因突变。细胞分化程度较高，生长缓慢。可发生于中枢神经系统任何部位，额叶多见；肿瘤具有恶变潜能，可进展成 IDH突变型间变性星形细胞瘤，甚或 IDH突变型GBM。

大体 肿瘤边界不清，位于灰质或白质内，可见大小不等的囊腔、颗粒样区域及软硬度不同的区域。

镜下 肿瘤由分化好的纤维型星形细胞组成，细胞密度中等，核不典型，核分裂像少或缺如。间质疏松，常伴微囊形成，不伴有血管内皮细胞增生。Ki-67增殖指数常小于4%。

免疫组织化学 胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、波形蛋白（Vimentin）、Ki-67/MIB-1、p53蛋白、IDH1 R132H和ATRX。

分子病理学 IDH1codon 132、IDH2codon 172基因突变。

肥胖细胞型星形细胞瘤，IDH突变型

定义 是弥漫性星形细胞瘤，IDH突变型的一个亚型，以含有大量肥胖型星形细胞为特点，且肥胖型星形细胞含量大于20%。

大体 与其他低级别弥漫性脑胶质瘤无区别。

镜下 肿瘤细胞呈多角形，胞质丰富、嗜酸性、毛玻璃样，核常偏位，染色质簇状??

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附录一：证据等级（牛津循证医学中心2011版）

* 根据研究质量，精确度，间接性，各个研究间不一致，或绝对效应值小，证据等级会被调低；若效应值很大，等级会被上调

**系统综述普遍地优于单个研究

附录二：脑胶质瘤分子诊断流程

附录三：脑胶质瘤治疗流程

附录四：多学科诊疗模式（MDT）标准化流程

*实线箭头表示必须进行的过程；虚线箭头表示视情况而定，根据不同病例的特点决定是否进行。