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中华妇产科杂志临床指南荟萃——孕前和孕期保健指南(第1版)(2013)
发布者
人民卫生出版社
作者
中华医学会妇产科学分会产科学组
正文

孕前和孕期保健(prenatal care and antenatal care)是降低孕产妇死亡和出生缺陷的重要措施。传统孕期保健特别是产前检查的次数、内容、孕周及间隔时间等缺乏循证医学证据的支持,已经不能适应现代产前保健的要求,我国各地区和不同医院产前检查的方案存在较大差异,甚至同一医院不同的产科医师提供的产前检查方案也不一致,这也是导致目前我国孕产妇死亡率和新生儿出生缺陷率较高的重要原因。

近年来,随着对围产期并发症认识的深入和产前筛查技术的进步,美国[1-3]、英国[4]、加拿大[5]和WHO[6]等制定的孕前和孕期保健指南不断更新。因此,有必要制定适宜我国国情的孕前和孕期保健指南。本指南的制定参考了美国、英国、加拿大和WHO最新发布的孕前和孕期保健指南以及循证医学证据,并遵循《中华人民共和国母婴保健法》,国家人口和计划生育委员会《国家免费孕前优生健康检查项目试点工作技术服务规范(试行)》(2010年)[7],国家卫生部《孕前保健服务工作规范(试行)》(2007年)[8],国家卫生部《产前诊断技术管理办法》及相关配套文件(2002年)[9],国家卫生部《我国城市围产保健管理办法》(1987年)[10]和《农村孕产妇系统保健管理办法》(1989年)[11],也充分考虑了卫生经济学的要求。本指南的内容包括:健康教育及指导、常规保健内容、辅助检查项目(分为必查项目和备查项目),其中健康教育及指导、常规保健内容和辅助检查的必查项目适用于所有的孕妇,辅助检查项目中,有条件的医院或有指征时可开展备查项目。

孕前保健(孕前3个月)

孕前保健是通过评估和改善计划妊娠夫妇的健康状况,降低或消除导致出生缺陷等不良妊娠结局的危险因素,预防出生缺陷发生,提高出生人口素质,是孕期保健工作的前移。

一、健康教育及指导

遵循普遍性指导和个性化指导相结合的原则,对计划妊娠的夫妇进行孕前健康教育及指导,主要内容包括:(1)有准备、有计划的妊娠,避免高龄妊娠。(2)合理营养,控制体质量增加。(3)补充叶酸0.4~0.8mg/d[12],或经循证医学验证的含叶酸的复合维生素[13]。既往发生过神经管缺陷(NTD)的孕妇,则需每天补充叶酸4mg[3]。(4)有遗传病、慢性疾病和传染病而准备妊娠的妇女,应予以评估并指导。(5)合理用药,避免使用可能影响胎儿正常发育的药物。(6)避免接触生活及职业环境中的有毒有害物质(如放射线、高温、铅、汞、苯、砷、农药等),避免密切接触宠物[3]。(7)改变不良的生活习惯(如吸烟[14]、酗酒[15]、吸毒[16]等)及生活方式[17];避免高强度的工作、高噪音环境[1,3]和家庭暴力[18-19]。(8)保持心理健康,解除精神压力,预防孕期及产后心理问题的发生[20-21]。(9)合理选择运动方式[3-4,22]。

二、常规保健

1.评估孕前高危因素:

(1)询问准备妊娠夫妇的健康状况。(2)评估既往慢性疾病史,家族和遗传病史,不宜妊娠者应及时告知。(3)详细了解不良孕产史。(4)了解生活方式、饮食营养、职业状况及工作环境、运动(劳动)情况、家庭暴力、人际关系等。

2.身体检查:

(1)包括测量血压、体质量,计算体质指数(BMI),BMI =体质量(kg)/身高(m)2。(2)常规妇科检查。

三、辅助检查

1.必查项目:

包括以下项目[7-8]:(1)血常规;(2)尿常规;(3)血型(ABO和Rh);(4)肝功能;(5)肾功能;(6)空腹血糖;(7)HBsAg;(8)梅毒螺旋体;(9)HIV筛查;(10)宫颈细胞学检查(1年内未查者)。

2.备查项目:

包括以下项目:(1)弓形虫、风疹病毒、巨细胞病毒和单纯疱疹病毒(TORCH)筛查[1,3-4,7-8]。(2)宫颈阴道分泌物检查(阴道分泌物常规、淋球菌、沙眼衣原体)[1-3,7-8]。(3)甲状腺功能检测[2]。(4)地中海贫血筛查(广东、广西、海南、湖南、湖北、四川、重庆等地)[1-4,7,23-24]。(5)75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT;针对高危妇女)[2,25]。(6)血脂检查[1]。(7)妇科超声检查。(8)心电图检查。(9)胸部X线检查[1]。

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