1﹒我国人群高血压流行情况
要点1:2010年《中国高血压防治指南》要点
●我国人群高血压患病率仍呈增长态势,每10个成人中就有2 人患高血压;估计目前全国高血压患者至少有2亿;但高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率较低
●高血压是我国人群脑卒中及冠心病发病及死亡的主要危险因素。控制高血压可预防心脑血管疾病发病及死亡
●我国是脑卒中高发区。高血压的主要并发症是脑卒中,控制高血压是预防脑卒中的关键
●降压治疗要使血压达标,以期降低心脑血管疾病的发病和死亡总危险。一般高血压患者降压目标为140/90mmHg 以下;在可耐受的情况下还可进一步降低
●CCB、ACEI、ARB、噻嗪类利尿剂、β受体阻滞剂以及由这些药物所组成的固定复方制剂均可作为高血压初始或维持治疗的药物选择。联合治疗有利于血压达标
●高血压是一种“心血管综合征”,应根据心血管总体风险,决定治疗措施;应关注对多种心血管危险因素的综合干预
●高血压是一种“生活方式病”,认真改变不良生活方式,限盐、限酒、控制体重,有利于预防和控制高血压
●关注儿童与青少年高血压,预防关口前移;重视继发性高血压的筛查与诊治
●加强高血压社区防治工作,定期测量血压、规范管理、合理用药是改善我国人群高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率的根本
要点2:我国人群高血压流行情况
●我国人群50年来高血压患病率呈明显上升趋势。目前我国约有2亿高血压患者,每10个成年人中有2 人患有高血压
●我国人群高血压流行有两个比较显著的特点:从南方到北方,高血压患病率递增;不同民族之间高血压患病率存在一些差异
●高钠、低钾膳食是我国大多数高血压患者发病的主要危险因素之一,超重和肥胖将成为我国高血压患病率增长的又一重要危险因素
●我国高血压患者总体的知晓率、治疗率和控制率明显较低,分别低于50%、40%和10%
1﹒1 我国人群高血压患病率及其变化趋势
过去50年,我国曾进行过4次大规模高血压患病率的人群抽样调查。各次调查的总人数、年龄、诊断标准及患病粗率见表1。虽然各次调查的规模、年龄和诊断标准不尽一致,但基本上较客观地反映了我国人群50年来高血压患病率的明显上升趋势。根据2002年的调查数据,我国18岁以上成人高血压患病率为18.8%[1],按2006年我国人口的数量与结构,估算目前我国约有2亿高血压患者,每10个成年人中就有2 人患有高血压,约占全球高血压总人数的1/5。
在我国高血压人群中,绝大多数是轻、中度高血压(占90%),轻度高血压占60%以上。
表1 我国4次高血压患病率调查结果
1﹒2 我国人群高血压流行的一般规律
通常,高血压患病率随年龄增长而升高;女性在更年期前患病率略低于男性,但在更年期后迅速升高,甚至高于男性;高纬度寒冷地区患病率高于低纬度温暖地区;钠盐和饱和脂肪酸摄入越高,平均血压水平和患病率也越高。
我国人群高血压流行有两个比较显著的特点:从南方到北方,高血压患病率呈递增趋势,可能与北方年平均气温较低以及北方人群盐摄入量较高有关;不同民族之间高血压患病率也有一些差异,藏族、蒙古族和朝鲜族等患病率较高,而壮族、苗族和彝族等患病率则较低,这种差异可能与地理环境、生活方式等有关,尚未发现各民族之间有明显的遗传背景差异。
1﹒3 我国人群高血压发病的重要危险因素
1﹒3﹒1 高钠、低钾膳食
人群中,钠盐(氯化钠)摄入量与血压水平和高血压患病率呈正相关,而钾盐摄入量与血压水平呈负相关。膳食中钠/钾比值与血压的相关性更强。我国14 组人群研究表明,膳食钠盐摄入量平均每天增加2g,SBP 和DBP 分别增高2.0mmHg 和1.2mmHg[2]。高钠、低钾膳食是导致我国大多数高血压患者发病的主要危险因素之一。我国大部分地区,每天人均盐摄入量在12g 以上[3]。盐与血压的国际协作研究(INTERMAP)结果显示,反映膳食钠、钾量的24小时尿钠/钾比值,我国人群在6 以上,而西方人群仅为2~3。
1﹒3﹒2 超重和肥胖
身体脂肪含量与血压水平呈正相关。人群中体质指数(BMI)与血压水平呈正相关,BMI 每增加3kg/m2,4年内发生高血压的风险,男性增加50%,女性增加57%。我国24万成人随访资料的汇总分析显示,BMI ≥24kg/m2者发生高血压的风险是体重正常者的3~4倍。身体脂肪的分布与高血压的发生也有关。腹部脂肪聚集越多,血压水平就越高。男性腰围≥90cm或女性腰围≥85cm,发生高血压的风险是腰围正常者的4倍以上。
随着我国社会经济发展和生活水平提高,人群中超重和肥胖的比例与人数均明显增加。在城市中年人群中,超重者的比例已达到25%~30%。超重和肥胖将成为我国高血压患病率增长的又一重要危险因素。
1﹒3﹒3 饮酒
过量饮酒也是高血压发病的危险因素,人群高血压患病率随饮酒量增加而升高。虽然少量饮酒后短时间内血压会有所下降,但长期少量饮酒可使血压轻度升高;过量饮酒则使血压明显升高。如果每天平均饮酒>3个标准杯(1个标准杯相当于12g 酒精),SBP 与DBP 分别平均升高3.5mmHg 与2.1mmHg,且血压上升幅度随着饮酒量增加而增大[4]。
在我国,饮酒的人数众多,部分男性高血压患者有长期饮酒嗜好和饮烈度酒的习惯,应重视长期过量饮酒对血压和高血压的影响。饮酒还会降低降压治疗的疗效,而过量饮酒可诱发脑出血或心肌梗死。
1﹒3﹒4 精神紧张
长期精神过度紧张也是高血压发病的危险因素,长期从事高度精神紧张工作的人群高血压患病率增加。
1﹒3﹒5 其他危险因素
高血压发病的其他危险因素包括年龄、高血压家族史、缺乏体力活动等。除了高血压外,心血管疾病的危险因素还包括吸烟、血脂异常、糖尿病、肥胖等。
1﹒4 我国高血压患者的知晓率、治疗率和控制率
高血压患者的知晓率、治疗率和控制率是反映高血压防治状况的重要指标。根据我国两次较大规模高血压患者知晓率、治疗率和控制率抽样调查(表2)[5 ,6]以及15 组人群1992 —2005年期间三次调查的变化(表3)[7],我国高血压患者总体的知晓率、治疗率和控制率较低。近年来,经过全社会的共同努力,高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率有明显提高,但仍分别低于50%、40%和10%。农村低于城市;男性低于女性;经济欠发达地区低于较发达地区。
表2 我国2次高血压患者知晓率、治疗率和控制率的调查结果
表3 我国15 组人群高血压患者知晓率、治疗率和控制率的变化(1992 —2005年,%)
2﹒高血压与心血管病风险
要点3:高血压与心血管病风险
●不论采用哪种测量方法,诊室血压、动态血压或家庭血压,血压水平与脑卒中、冠心病事件的风险均呈连续、独立、直接的正相关关系
●与DBP 相比,SBP 与心血管病风险的关系更为密切
●目前,冠心病事件有上升趋势,但脑卒中仍是我国高血压人群最主要的并发症
2﹒1 血压与心血管事件的关系
血压水平与心血管病发病和死亡的风险之间存在密切的因果关系。在全球61个人群(约100万人,40~89岁)为基础的前瞻性观察荟萃分析中,平均随访12年,诊室SBP 或DBP 与脑卒中、冠心病事件的风险呈连续、独立、直接的正相关关系。血压从115/75mmHg 到185/115mmHg,SBP 每升高20mmHg或DBP每升高10mmHg,心、脑血管并发症发生的风险倍增[8]。
在包括中国13个人群的亚太队列研究(APCSC)中,诊室血压水平也与脑卒中、冠心病事件密切相关;而且,亚洲人群血压升高与脑卒中、冠心病事件的关系比澳大利亚与新西兰人群更强,SBP 每升高10mmHg,亚洲人群脑卒中与致死性心肌梗死风险分别增加53%与31%,而澳大利亚与新西兰人群只分别增加24%与21%。
长期随访发现,随着诊室血压的升高,终末期肾病的发生率也明显增加。在重度高血压患者中,终末期肾病发生率是正常血压者的11倍以上;即使血压在正常高值水平也达1.9倍。
血压与脑卒中、冠心病事件的风险之间的正相关关系在动态血压或家庭血压监测研究中得到了进一步证实。这些研究还发现,不仅血压的平均值很重要,血压的昼夜节律以及数日、数周甚至数月、数年期间的血压变异也可独立于血压平均值预测脑卒中、冠心病事件的发生。
2﹒2 各种血压参数与心血管事件的关系
血压参数是指SBP、DBP、平均血压和脉压。采用常用的柯氏音/袖带法测量血压,可直接测量一个心动周期中的最高压力(SBP)与最低压力(DBP),根据SBP 与DBP,可进一步计算出平均血压与脉压。因此,长期以来,直接测量的SBP 与DBP 是主要的评估血压的参数。但由于平均血压及脉压分别与外周血管阻力及大动脉弹性功能密切相关,可能具有重要的病理生理意义,因此,近来引起重视。
总体而言,在预测心血管事件方面,SBP 或DBP 优于平均血压或脉压;用SBP 与DBP 联合或平均血压与脉压联合优于任一单项参数;SBP 与DBP 联合又优于平均血压与脉压联合。对冠心病事件而言,在年轻人群,DBP 的预测价值高于SBP;而在50岁以上人群,SBP 的预测价值开始超越DBP;随着年龄的进一步增加,SBP 进一步升高,而DBP 则呈下降趋势,因而,脉压升高成为较强的冠心病事件预测因子。
2﹒3 我国人群高血压与心血管风险关系的特点
我国人群监测数据显示,心脑血管疾病的死亡人数占总死亡人数的40%以上,其中高血压是首位危险因素,每年300万例因心血管疾病而死亡的患者中至少一半与高血压有关。
人群监测数据还显示,脑卒中的年发病率为250/10万,冠心病事件的年发病率为50/10万,脑卒中的年发病率是冠心病事件年发病率的5倍[9]。在临床治疗试验中,脑卒中/心肌梗死发病率比值,在我国高血压人群约为5~8 ∶1,而在西方高血压人群约为1 ∶1。近年来,尽管冠心病事件有上升趋势,但脑卒中发病率与冠心病事件发病率的差异仍然非常明显。这提示脑卒中仍是我国高血压人群最主要的心血管风险,对于制定更有效的减少我国人群心血管风险的防治策略有重要意义。
3﹒诊断性评估
●确定血压水平及其他心血管危险因素
●判断高血压的病因,明确有无继发性高血压
●寻找靶器官损害以及相关临床情况
要点4:高血压患者的诊断性评估
诊断性评估的内容包括以下三方面:①确定血压水平及其他心血管危险因素;②判断高血压的病因,明确有无继发性高血压;③寻找靶器官损害以及相关临床情况。从而作出高血压病因的鉴别诊断和评估患者的心血管风险程度,以指导诊断与治疗。
3﹒1 病史
应全面详细地了解患者病史,包括以下内容:①家族史:询问患者有无高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、冠心病、脑卒中或肾脏病的家族史。②病程:患高血压的时间,血压最高水平,是否接受过降压治疗及其疗效与不良反应。③症状及既往史:目前及既往有无冠心病、心力衰竭、脑血管病、外周血管病、糖尿病、痛风、血脂异常、支气管哮喘、睡眠呼吸暂停综合征、性功能异常和肾脏疾病等症状及治疗情况。④有无提示继发性高血压的症状:例如肾炎史或贫血史,提示肾实质性高血压;肌无力、发作性软瘫等低血钾表现,提示原发性醛固酮增多症;阵发性头痛、心悸、多汗等,提示嗜铬细胞瘤。⑤生活方式:膳食脂肪、盐、酒摄入量,吸烟支数,体力活动量以及体重变化等情况。⑥药物引起高血压:是否服用使血压升高的药物,例如口服避孕药、甘珀酸、麻黄素类滴鼻药、可卡因、苯丙胺、类固醇、非甾体类抗炎药、促红细胞生成素、环孢素以及中药甘草等。⑦心理社会因素:包括家庭情况、工作环境、文化程度及有无精神创伤史。
3﹒2 体格检查
仔细的体格检查有助于发现继发性高血压线索和靶器官损害情况。体格检查包括:正确测量血压和心率,必要时测定立、卧位血压和四肢血压;测量体质指数(BMI)、腰围及臀围;观察有无库欣面容、神经纤维瘤性皮肤斑、甲状腺功能亢进性突眼征或下肢水肿;听诊颈动脉、胸主动脉、腹部动脉和股动脉有无杂音;触诊甲状腺;全面的心肺检查;检查腹部有无肾脏增大(多囊肾)或肿块,检查四肢动脉搏动和神经系统体征。
3﹒3 实验室检查
基本项目:血液生化(钾、空腹血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和尿酸、肌酐);全血细胞计数、血红蛋白和血细胞比容;尿液分析(尿蛋白、糖和尿沉渣镜检);心电图。
推荐项目:24小时动态血压监测、超声心动图、颈动脉超声、餐后2小时血糖(当空腹血糖≥6.1mmol/L 时测定)、血同型半胱氨酸、尿白蛋白定量(糖尿病患者必查项目)、尿蛋白定量(用于尿常规检查蛋白阳性者)、眼底、胸部X 线检查、脉搏波传导速度以及踝/臂血压指数等。
选择项目:对怀疑继发性高血压患者,根据需要可以分别选择以下检查项目:血浆肾素活性、血和尿醛固酮、血和尿皮质醇、血游离甲氧基肾上腺素及甲氧基去甲肾上腺素、血和尿儿茶酚胺、动脉造影、肾和肾上腺超声、CT 或MRI、睡眠呼吸监测等。对有并发症的高血压患者,进行相应的脑功能、心功能和肾功能检查。
3﹒4 血压测量
血压测量是评估血压水平、诊断高血压以及观察降压疗效的主要手段。目前,在临床和人群防治工作中,主要采用诊室血压、动态血压以及家庭血压三种方法。
诊室血压由医护人员在诊室按统一规范进行测量,目前尚是评估血压水平和临床诊断高血压并进行分级的标准方法和主要依据。动态血压监测则通常由自动的血压测量仪器完成,测量次数较多,无测量者误差,可避免白大衣效应,并可测量夜间睡眠期间的血压。因此,动态血压监测既可更准确地测量血压,又可评估血压短时变异和昼夜节律。家庭血压监测(HBPM)通常由被测量者自我完成,这时又称自测血压或家庭自测血压,但也可由家庭成员等协助完成。因为测量在熟悉的家庭环境中进行,因而,可以避免白大衣效应。家庭血压监测还可用于评估数日、数周甚至数月、数年血压的长期变异或降压治疗效应,而且有助于增强患者的参与意识,改善患者的治疗依从性[10 ,11]。
要点5:诊室血压测量的步骤
●要求受试者坐位安静休息5分钟后开始测量
●选择定期校准的水银柱血压计,或者经过验证的电子血压计,大多数的成年人使用气囊长22~26cm、宽12cm的标准规格袖带
●测量坐位时的上臂血压,上臂应置于心脏水平
●以柯氏音第Ⅰ音和第Ⅴ音(消失音)确定SBP 和DBP 水平。连续测量两次,至少间隔1~2分钟,若两次测量结果差别比较大(5 mmHg以上),应再次测量
●首诊时要测量双上臂血压,以后通常测量较高读数一侧的上臂血压
●对疑似有体位性低血压者,应测量直立位后血压
●在测量血压的同时,应测定脉率
3﹒4﹒1 诊室血压
具体方法和要求如下:①选择符合计量标准的水银柱血压计,或者经过验证(BHS 和AA MI、ESH)的电子血压计。②使用大小合适的气囊袖带,气囊至少应包裹80%上臂。大多数成年人的臂围为25~35c m,可使用气囊长22~26cm、宽12~14cm的标准规格袖带(目前国内商品水银柱血压计的气囊的规格:长22c m,宽12c m)。肥胖者或臂围大者应使用大规格气囊袖带;儿童应使用小规格气囊袖带。③测血压前,受试者应至少坐位安静休息5分钟,30分钟内禁止吸烟或饮咖啡、茶,排空膀胱。④受试者取坐位,最好坐靠背椅,裸露上臂,上臂与心脏处在同一水平。如果怀疑外周血管病,首次就诊时应测量左、右上臂血压,以后通常测量较高读数一侧的上臂血压,必要时加测下肢血压,选择宽度>16c m 的袖带。特殊情况下可以取卧位或站立位。老年人、糖尿病患者及出现直立性低血压情况者,应加测站立位血压。站立位血压应在卧位改为站立位后1分钟和5分钟时测量。⑤将袖带紧贴缚在被测者的上臂,袖带的下缘应在肘弯上2.5cm。将听诊器探头置于肱动脉搏动处。⑥使用水银柱血压计测压时,快速充气,使气囊内压力达到桡动脉搏动消失后,再升高30 mmHg,然后以恒定的速率(2~6mmHg/s)缓慢放气。心率缓慢者,放气速率应更慢些。获得DBP 读数后,快速放气至零。⑦在放气过程中仔细听取柯氏音,观察柯氏音第Ⅰ时相(第一音)和第Ⅴ时相(消失音)水银柱凸面的垂直高度。SBP 读数取柯氏音第Ⅰ时相,DBP 读数取柯氏音第Ⅴ时相。12岁以下儿童、妊娠妇女、严重贫血、甲状腺功能亢进、主动脉瓣关闭不全及柯氏音不消失者,可以柯氏音第Ⅳ时相(变音)为DBP。⑧血压单位在临床使用时采用毫米汞柱(mmHg),在我国正式出版物中注明毫米汞柱与千帕斯卡(kPa)的换算关系,1mmHg = 0.133kPa。⑨应相隔1~2分钟重复测量,取2次读数的平均值记录。如果SBP 或DBP 的2次读数相差5mmHg 以上,应再次测量,取3次读数的平均值记录。⑩使用水银柱血压计测压读取血压数值时,末位数值只能为0、2、4、6、8,不能出现1、3、5、7、9,并应注意避免末位数偏好。
3﹒4﹒2 动态血压
具体使用方法和指征如下:①使用经BHS、AAMI和(或)ESH方案验证的动态血压监测仪,并每年至少1次与水银柱血压计进行读数校准,采用Y 或T 形管与袖带连通,两者的血压平均读数相差应<5mmHg。②测压间隔时间可选择15分钟、20分钟或30分钟。通常夜间测压间隔时间可适当延长至30分钟。血压读数应达到应测次数的80%以上,最好每个小时有至少1个血压读数。③目前动态血压监测的常用指标是24小时、白天(清醒活动)和夜间(睡眠)的平均SBP 与DBP 水平,夜间血压下降百分率以及清晨时段血压的升高幅度(晨峰)。24小时、白天与夜间血压的平均值反映不同时段血压的总体水平,是目前采用24小时动态血压诊断高血压的主要依据,其诊断标准包括:24小时血压平均值≥130/80mmHg,白天血压平均值≥135/85mmHg,夜间血压平均值≥120/70mmHg。夜间血压下降百分率:(白天平均值-夜间平均值)/白天平均值。10%~20%:杓型;<10%:非杓型。SBP 与DBP 不一致时,以SBP 为准。血压晨峰:起床后2小时内的SBP 平均值-夜间睡眠时的SBP 最低值(包括最低值在内1小时的平均值),≥35mmHg 为晨峰血压增高。④动态血压监测也可用于评估降压疗效。主要观察24小时、白天和夜间的平均SBP 与DBP 是否达到治疗目标,即24小时血压<130/80mmHg,白天血压<135/85mmHg,且夜间血压<120/70mmHg。⑤动态血压监测可诊断白大衣性高血压,发现隐蔽性高血压,检查顽固难治性高血压的原因,评估血压升高程度、短时变异和昼夜节律等。随着其价格的下降,动态血压监测将在临床工作中更广泛应用[12 ~15]。
3﹒4﹒3 家庭血压
家庭血压监测需要选择合适的血压测量仪器,并进行血压测量知识与技能培训:①使用经过验证的上臂式全自动或半自动电子血压计[BHS 和(或)A A MI、ESH]。②家庭血压值一般低于诊室血压值,高血压的诊断标准为≥135/85mmHg,与诊室血压的140/90mmHg 相对应。③测量方案:目前还没有一致方案。一般情况建议,每天早晨和晚上测量血压,每次测2~3 遍,取平均值;血压控制平稳者,可每周只测1天血压。对初诊高血压或血压不稳定的高血压患者,建议连续家庭测量血压7天(至少3天),每天早晚各1次,每次测量2~3 遍,取后6天血压平均值作为参考值。④家庭血压适用于:一般高血压患者的血压监测;白大衣高血压的识别;难治性高血压的鉴别;评价长时血压变异;辅助降压疗效评价;预测心血管风险及预后等。⑤最好能够详细记录每次测量血压的日期、时间以及所有血压读数,而不是只记录平均值。应尽可能向医师提供完整的血压记录。⑥家庭血压监测是观察数日、数周甚至数月、数年间长期变异情况的可行方法,未来通过无线通讯与互联网为基础的远程控制系统将可实现血压的实时、数字化监测。⑦对于精神高度焦虑患者,不建议自测血压[16]。
●诊室血压目前尚是临床诊断高血压和分级的标准方法和主要依据
●动态血压监测不仅用于高血压的诊断评估,还可用于:
◆诊断白大衣性高血压
◆发现隐蔽性高血压
◆检查顽固难治性高血压的原因
◆评估血压升高程度、短时变异和昼夜节律
●家庭血压监测不仅可测量长期血压变异,避免白大衣效应;并可了解患者生活常态下的血压水平;改善治疗依从性
要点6:各种血压测量方法评价
3﹒5 评估靶器官损害
高血压患者靶器官损伤(心、脑、肾、血管等)的识别,对于评估患者心血管风险,早期进行积极治疗具有重要意义。从患高血压到最终发生心血管事件的整个疾病过程中,亚临床靶器官损害是极其重要的中间环节。采用相对简便、花费较少、易于推广的检查手段,在高血压患者中检出无症状性亚临床靶器官损害是高血压诊断评估的重要内容。
3﹒5﹒1 心脏
心电图检查可以发现左心室肥厚、心肌缺血、心脏传导阻滞或心律失常。近年来有报道,aVL 导联R波电压与左心室重量指数密切相关,甚至在高血压不伴有心电图左心室肥厚时,也可以预测心血管事件的发生。胸部X 线检查可以了解心脏的轮廓、大动脉及肺循环的情况。超声心动图在诊断左心室肥厚和舒张期心力衰竭方面优于心电图。必要时采用其他诊断方法:心脏磁共振成像(MRI)和磁共振血管造影(MRA),计算机断层扫描血管造影(CT A),心脏放射性核素显像,运动试验或冠状动脉造影等。
3﹒5﹒2 血管
颈动脉内膜中层厚度(I MT)和粥样斑块可独立于血压水平预测心血管事件。大动脉僵硬度增加预测并评估心血管风险的证据日益增多。多项研究证实,脉搏波传导速度(PWV)增快是心血管事件的独立预测因素。踝/臂血压指数(ABI)能有效筛查外周动脉疾病,评估心血管风险。
3﹒5﹒3 肾脏
肾脏损害主要根据血清肌酐升高,估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)降低或尿白蛋白排出量(UAE)增加来评估。微量白蛋白尿已被证实是心血管事件的独立预测因素。高血压患者尤其合并糖尿病的患者应定期检查尿白蛋白排出量,24小时尿白蛋白排出量或晨尿白蛋白/肌酐比值为最佳,随机尿白蛋白/肌酐比值也可接受。eGFR 是一项判断肾脏功能的简便而且敏感的指标,可采用“肾脏病膳食改善试验(MDRD)”公式,或者我国学者提出的MDRD 改良公式来计算。eGFR 降低与心血管事件发生之间存在着强相关性。血清尿酸水平增高对心血管风险可能也有一定预测价值[17 ,18]。
3﹒5﹒4 眼底
视网膜动脉病变可反映小血管病变情况。常规用检眼镜检查高血压的眼底改变,按Keith‐Wagener和Backer 四级分类法,3 级或4 级高血压眼底对判断预后有价值。高分辨率眼底成像系统有望成为检查眼底小血管病变的工具。
3﹒5﹒5 脑
头颅MRI、MRA 或CTA 有助于发现腔隙性病灶或脑血管狭窄、钙化和斑块病变。经颅多普勒超声对诊断脑血管痉挛、狭窄或闭塞有一定帮助。目前认知功能的筛查评估主要采用简易精神状态量表。
4﹒高血压分类与分层
●高血压定义:在未使用降压药物的情况下,SBP≥140mmHg 和(或)DBP≥90mmHg;根据血压升高水平,又进一步将高血压分为1 级、2 级和3 级。一般需要非同日测量3次来判断血压升高及其分级,尤其对于轻、中度血压升高者
●心血管风险分层根据血压水平、心血管危险因素、靶器官损害、临床并发症和糖尿病,分为低危、中危、高危和很高危4个层次
●3 级高血压伴1 项及以上危险因素;合并糖尿病;合并临床心、脑血管病或慢性肾脏疾病等并发症,均属于心血管风险很高危患者
要点7:高血压分类与分层
4﹒1 按血压水平分类
目前我国采用正常血压(SBP <120mmHg 和DBP <80mmHg)、正常高值血压[SBP120~139mmHg和(或)DBP80~89mmHg]和高血压[SBP≥140mmHg 和(或)DBP≥90mmHg]进行血压水平分类。以上分类适用于18岁以上男、女性成年人。
将血压水平120~139/80~89mmHg 定为正常高值血压,是根据我国流行病学调查研究数据的结果确定的。血压水平120~139/80~89mmHg的人群,10年后心血管风险比血压水平110/75mmHg 的人群增加1倍以上;血压120~129/80~84mmHg 和130~139/85~89mmHg的中年人群,10年后分别有45%和64%成为高血压患者。
高血压定义为:在未使用降压药物的情况下,非同日3次测量血压,SBP ≥140mmHg 和(或)DBP ≥90mmHg。SBP ≥140mmHg 和DBP <90mmHg 为单纯性收缩期高血压。患者既往有高血压史,目前正在使用降压药物,血压虽然低于140/90 mmHg,也诊断为高血压。根据血压升高水平,又进一步将高血压分为1 级、2 级和3 级(表4)。
表4 血压水平分类和定义
注:当SBP 和DBP 分属于不同级别时,以较高的分级为准
由于诊室血压测量的次数较少,血压又具有明显波动性,在不能进行24小时动态血压监测时,需要数周内多次测量来判断血压升高情况,尤其对于轻、中度血压升高。如有条件,应进行24小时动态血压监测或家庭血压监测。
4﹒2 按心血管风险分层
脑卒中、心肌梗死等严重心脑血管事件是否发生、何时发生,难以预测,但发生心脑血管事件的风险水平不仅可以评估,也应该评估。高血压及血压水平是影响心血管事件发生和预后的独立危险因素,但是并非唯一决定因素。大部分高血压患者还有血压升高以外的心血管危险因素。因此,高血压患者的诊断和治疗不能只根据血压水平,必须对患者进行心血管风险的评估并分层。高血压患者的心血管风险分层有利于确定启动降压治疗的时机,有利于采用优化的降压治疗方案,有利于确立合适的血压控制目标,有利于实施危险因素的综合管理。
本指南仍采用2005年指南的分层原则和基本内容,将高血压患者按心血管风险水平分为低危、中危、高危和很高危4个层次(表5)。根据以往我国高血压防治指南实施情况和有关研究进展,对影响风险分层的内容作了部分修改(表6)。将糖耐量受损和(或)空腹血糖异常列为影响分层的心血管危险因素;将判定腹型肥胖的腰围标准改为:男性≥90cm、女性≥85c m;将eGFR<60ml/(min ·1.73m2)、颈‐股动脉脉搏波速度<12m/s和踝/臂血压指数<0.9列为影响分层的靶器官损害指标界值。
表5 高血压患者心血管风险水平分层
注:1 级高血压:SBP 140~159 mmHg 和(或)DBP90~99mmHg,2 级高血压:SBP 160~179 mmHg 和(或)DBP 100~109 mmHg,3 级高血压:SBP≥180mmHg 和(或)DBP≥110mmHg
表6 影响高血压患者心血管预后的重要因素
续表
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