绪 论 辅助生育促排卵药物治疗的目标
辅助生育技术 (assisted reproductive technology,ART)的重要内容之一是调节卵巢的排卵功能。从排卵的角度考虑卵巢功能的调节,临床上包括了一系列的治疗方法。诱发排卵 (ovulation induced,OI)指应用药物或手术的方法诱发卵巢的排卵功能,一般以诱导单卵泡或少数卵泡的发育为目的,其应用的对象本身多有排卵障碍。超促排卵又称控制性卵巢刺激 (controlled ovarian stimulation,COS),指以药物手段在可控制的范围内诱发多卵泡的发育和成熟,其应用的对象本身多有正常的排卵功能[1]。
促排卵药主要用于治疗由于下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴功能失调而存在排卵障碍的患者,服用药物可诱发卵泡生长发育并排卵。最古老、最常用的诱导排卵药物当属克罗米芬,对此药物相关的研究报道已经很多,但直到2013年美国生殖医学会 (American Society for Reproductive Medicine,ASRM)仍然在探讨其应用相关共识,包括用药时机、监测方法、联合用药及个体化治疗等。近些年来,芳香化酶抑制剂在诱导排卵领域的应用逐渐增加,且很多文献报道效果甚至优于经典一线用药——克罗米芬,其药物机制和具体监测方法也将在下文中具体阐述[2,3]。对于下丘脑功能异常而无排卵患者,则选用促性腺激素诱导排卵治疗。
最早期的体外受精与胚胎移植 (in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,IVF-ET)技术在自然周期取卵进行,每一周期可供应用的卵子通常只有一个,经过一系列复杂的程序后,最后进行胚胎移植的机会和移植的胚胎数目都受到严重的限制,因而成功率很低。控制性卵巢刺激技术引入辅助生育技术后,极大地改变了这种局面,对于提高IVFET的成功率和现代辅助生育技术的建立和发展发挥了重要作用,从而为一系列的辅助生育技术衍生技术奠定基础,成为辅助生育技术中的常规和基础技术之一。
控制性卵巢刺激过程利用了一个月经周期中一批卵子都具有发育潜能的特点,给予足够支持所有卵泡发育的促卵泡生成素,打破它们的竞争,促使一批卵子同时发育成熟,避免这些卵子由于得不到足够的卵泡生成素而凋亡。外源性促性腺激素是控制性卵巢刺激的常用药物。对于促性腺激素的研究从动物实验开始,目前已有近百年的历史,Zondek提出卵泡发育的两种细胞、两种促性腺激素学说,为机制的明确和最终临床应用提出可能性基础[4,5]。20世纪60年代促性腺激素开始应用于临床中不排卵患者的诱导排卵,而80年代起主要以刺激多卵泡同时发育为目的在临床应用。最初的促性腺素发现于怀孕母牛的血浆中,1958年才成功分离出人类垂体促性腺激素。之后尿源性人绝经促性腺素(human menopausal gonadotropin,HMG)提取成功并应用于临床,又经历了尿源性FSH提纯成功以及重组FSH、LH制备成功,促性腺素发展到了目前我们看到的现状。
应用外源性的药物治疗,必定会带来相应的副作用。对于促排卵治疗,卵巢过度刺激综合征 (ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome,OHSS)和多胎妊娠 (multiple pregnancy)是最为显著的两个并发症。OHSS是一种完全医源性疾患,重者可危及患者生命;而多胎妊娠明显增加母儿孕产期并发症,影响母儿结局。如何更合理、适度的应用促排卵药物,制订更标准的监测评价指标,越来越成为生殖医生临床实践中需要重点考虑的问题,也受到专家的重视。
为了提高促排卵治疗效率,减少并发症的发生,我们决定制订这一促排卵治疗专家共识,将从诱导排卵以及控制性卵巢刺激的适应证和禁忌证;常用促排卵药物的分类和作用;常用临床治疗方案以及各种方案临床应用后不同反应人群特点、并发症及临床评价指标等几方面进行具体阐述,以期能为临床生殖医学工作者提供可靠的依据。
第一章 药物治疗的基本适应证和禁忌证
第一节 诱导排卵的适应证和禁忌证
一、适应证
1.有生育要求WHOⅠ型排卵障碍患者
WHOⅠ型排卵障碍患者是指低促性腺激素、低雌激素状态排卵障碍患者。主要包括下丘脑性闭经 (HA),低促性腺素性功能减退症 (HH)和垂体功能减退(HP)。有生育要求患者通过诱导排卵获得妊娠与活产[1]。
下丘脑性闭经多为继发性闭经,患者表现为正常或低促性腺激素水平,低雌激素水平,相较于促卵泡生成素,促黄体生成素影响更大。过度锻炼、体重指数过低、减重、严重的节食、食欲缺乏或神经性贪食及慢性疾病均可导致下丘脑性闭经。大约30%~50%患者可出现卵巢多囊性表现。改变生活方式,使BMI保持20~25kg/m2之间,有助于患者恢复下丘脑-垂体轴功能。建议患者BMI控制适宜范围再进行诱导排卵治疗[1]。
促性腺激素释放激素缺乏或特发性低促性腺素性功能减退症患者表现为低促性腺激素及低雌激素水平。如伴有嗅觉消失,称之为Kallmann综合征。如果染色体异常或单基因突变可能引起特发性低促性腺素性功能减退症。获得性低促性腺素性功能减退症包括中枢神经系统疾病、垂体肿瘤、感染、大脑/垂体放射性损伤、垂体卒中、头部外伤,或应用糖皮质激素、服用毒品和化疗药物。其他如甲状腺功能减退患者也会出现低促性腺素性功能减退症。不同于下丘脑性闭经,低促性腺激素性功能减退可能超重或肥胖,患者卵巢体积小于正常[1]。
垂体功能减退指垂体激素分泌下降,可能由于垂体肿瘤或垂体肿瘤的治疗造成。其他如垂体外肿瘤、血色病、结节病或垂体前叶功能减退也会导致垂体功能减退。患者表现为促性腺激素及雌激素水平低下,卵巢体积小于正常[1]。
2.有生育要求WHOⅡ型排卵障碍患者
80%患者为多囊卵巢综合征患者,表现为促卵泡生成素水平正常或低于正常,促黄体生成素正常或高于正常水平,血清雌激素正常水平。诱导排卵增加患者排卵率,提高临床妊娠率及活产率[2-6]。
3.不明原因不孕症
诱导排卵对于不明原因不孕症治疗结局存在争?
绪论 辅助生育促排卵药物治疗的目标
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第一章 药物治疗的基本适应证和禁忌证 > 第一节 诱导排卵的适应证和禁忌证
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第一章 药物治疗的基本适应证和禁忌证 > 第二节 控制性卵巢刺激的适应证和禁忌证
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第二章 药物的分类及其药理作用 > 第二节 芳香化酶抑制剂:来曲唑
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第二章 药物的分类及其药理作用 > 第三节 促性腺激素类
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第二章 药物的分类及其药理作用 > 第四节 促性腺激素释放激素类似物
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